What is the most common presenting symptom of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by progressive respiratory symptoms that significantly impact patients' quality of life. Among these symptoms, dyspnea, or difficulty breathing, stands out as the most common presenting symptom. Patients often report an increased sensation of breathlessness, particularly during physical activities such as walking or climbing stairs, which can lead to limitations in their daily activities.

Dyspnea occurs due to the airway obstruction and air trapping caused by the underlying pathophysiological changes in the lungs seen in COPD. These changes include inflammation, structural remodeling, and destruction of lung tissue, ultimately affecting the patient's ability to breathe effectively. As the disease progresses, dyspnea can become more pronounced, leading to increased discomfort and distress.

While cough, wheezing, and chest pain can also be present in patients with COPD, they are not as universally reported or as defining of the disease as dyspnea. Many patients may experience a chronic productive cough or occasional wheezing, but these symptoms typically arise later as the disease worsens or in response to exacerbations. Chest pain is generally not a primary symptom of COPD, as it can be more indicative of other conditions like cardiovascular issues, although it may occur in some cases due to associated conditions or