Which is a common side effect of beta-blockers?

Beta-blockers are a class of medications primarily used to manage various cardiovascular conditions, including hypertension, heart failure, and arrhythmias. They work by blocking the effects of adrenaline on the beta-adrenergic receptors, leading to several physiological changes.

Bradycardia, a slower than normal heart rate, is a common side effect because beta-blockers decrease heart rate as part of their mechanism of action. The reduction in heart rate can help prevent excessive heart workload, particularly in patients with cardiovascular issues, but it can also lead to symptoms if the heart rate becomes too low.

Hypotension, or abnormally low blood pressure, is another potential side effect. By reducing cardiac output and inhibiting the adrenergic response, beta-blockers can lower blood pressure significantly, which is beneficial in treating hypertension but can sometimes result in excessive drops in blood pressure, especially if the patient is on other antihypertensive medications.

Fatigue is also frequently reported by patients on beta-blockers. This may stem from the combined effects of lowered heart rate and blood pressure, along with central nervous system effects where some beta-blockers can lead to a feeling of tiredness or lethargy.

Given that bradycardia, hypotension, and fatigue are